Electromagnetics

Detection and Mapping of Underground Structures

Electromagnetic measurements can use both active and passive techniques.
For passive measurements, the sources are: earth’s magnetic field (0 Hz); fluctuations in earth’s field (> 0 Hz); controlled sources (HAARP; > 0 Hz to 1 KHz, Wisconsin Facility); VLF Stations (> 10’s of KHz); sources associated with targets.
For active measurements, the sources could be airborne, on the surface of the earth, or buried.
Detection and mapping for each of these techniques can be performed using electromagnetic sensors.
Numerical modeling using FEM can be performed to provide unambiguous answers to the: range of measurements, depth of target, stand-off distance, mapping accuracies, effects of different ground, effects of different frequencies and effects of different sources.
CRS has unique modeling capabilities to provide these answers